The reason revenues to the treasury go up or down is growth. When tax rates are past the tipping point, revenues inversely follow rates. Kennedy/Reagan/Bush tax cuts have all increased revenue and shifted the burden towards the rich in every case. There is a point in the rate structure where revenues follow rates. Once past that point, revenues decrease with increased rates.
In the simplest sense, a 0% tax rate = $0 revenue. 100% tax rate = $0 revenue. At some point between, there is an optimal rate. I believe that optimal rate varies depending on the dynamics of the time. I have read several studies (I'm not going to go back to find them), that suggest the optimal overall equivalent rate for maximum revenue varies between 16-19%. Taxing below or above that gives less revenue.
Unfortunately, the reason the house of cards will utlimately fall is because spending is way above that peak. So ultimately, you can't tax enough to get the revenue you desire. The only answer is to cut spending.
If people want the rich to pay more, then revenue will decrease (because it's not a static situation). I'm not sure what those who want higher taxes actually want to have happen. If they want to maximize revenues, then the economy needs to grow. If they want to soak the rich, they can't. They'll just have that money go somewhere other than creating wealth and the growth needed to boost revenues won't happen. They'll still pay a higher "rate". But that's not going to give the effect Obama and those claim. It never has.