LG 5 – 1956 Dodgers / 1958 Braves / 1958 Yankees
Pick 1 – I screwed this one up. I saw Sal Maglie’s combined and partial seasons and thought they were 2 different players. If they were two different players, then this would be a solid 1^st pick. But they aren’t so the best pick was the one that pedrocerrano got: the 1956 Yankees. Also, I think I overrate defense so this teams has lots of good defensive players at 1B, 2B, and 3B but are weak on offense (110-119 OPS+). I ended up getting one ace and one average starter when I thought there was an ace and 2 average starters.
Pick 2 – After realizing my blunder, I needed more pitching. So, I grabbed a #2 SP, 2 long relievers, a closer and a setup. I also got my RF and a platoon DH (Spahn, Rush, Burdette, Robinson, Willey, Aaron and Covington). This was a clear quantity, not quality pick, but I needed to make it.
Pick 3 – This pick nicely filled my holes at SP, C, LF and setup (Ford, Berra/Howard, Mantle and Duren). I was looking for an upgrade at SS over a weak Pee Wee Reese, but I couldn’t find one without sacrificing something else.
Not a bad offense, but there are holes. Defense is solid. Pitching is good, not great.
Prediction – 84 wins

Actual wins 90
Exp wins 89
RS 7th
RA 4th

I was pleasantly surprised how this team did. Of course I still did finish 2nd place to pedrocerrano's 99-win 1956 Yankee squad which is the pick I should have made. Mantle (.318/.436/.615) won the MVP. I had a solid lineup most of the through. I stayed with Pee Wee (.544 OPS) way too long as Kubek (.664 OPS) was waiting in the wings. Yogi Berra also sucked (.612 OPS) and played too much before I was only starting Elston Howard (.721 OPS). Starting pitching was good, but my bullpen was a mixed bag.

LG 5 – 1956 Indians / 1955 Dodgers / 1954 White Sox
Pick 1 – I wasn’t making the same mistake with the 56 Dodgers, even though they were available and the 56 Yanks were not available as they were taken by schwarze. The 56 Indians however did have an awesome pitching staff in Wynn, Lemon, Score and Maglie (this guy will haunt my dreams). Also got a good closer in Narleski. Unfortunately, the only usable players on the offensive side will be a mediocre DH platoon of Wertz/Colavito.
Pick 2 – I needed offense and this was the best all-around choice. I did think hard about that 55 Braves squad that schwarze took to get that infield, but it didn’t offer much outside of those three guys. My pick netted me Snider, Campanella, Hodges, Furillo, Reese and Robinson.
Pick 3 – I almost took this squad with my #2 pick, so I was elated they were still here. They also fit nicely with my existing team. I got my #4 starter, LF, 2B, 3 solid RPs, 3B platoon and a SS upgrade ( Trucks, Minoso, Fox, Martin, Consuegra, Dorish, Michaels and Carrasquel.
Good defense, average offensively, good starting pitching, average relievers.
Prediction – 86 wins

Actual wins 85
Exp wins 81
RS 24th
RA 2nd

Wow, what an unbalanced team. Early Wynn (3.95), Virgil Trucks (5.01), and Herb Score (4.86) ERAs were solid. Bob Lemon (6.87 ERA) was not. My bullpen led by Narleski (3.44 ERA) was actually very strong too, but I'm a bit surprised I was 2nd in RAs for the league. I didn't think I'd be dead last in runs scored as most of them played how I thought they would. I couldn't find a good leadoff hitter and it was split between Fox (.335 obp) and Robinson (.338 obp). Chico Carrasquel was only there for defense and hit a paltry .204/.287/.314. I still finished in 1st place in a weak division.

LG 6 – 1966 Giants / 1968 Tigers / 1966 Orioles
Pick 1 – None of the choices had two aces, so I took an ace and two below average SP (Marichal, Perry and Bolin). But it also came with McCovey and Mays. Haller and Hart were below average, but were there in case I needed them.
Pick 2 – McClain is the main reason since I needed another ace. But also Horton could hit (but not field well), McAuliffe is a mediocre 2B (there wasn’t a lot of good one in this era) and it allowed me to upgrade C to Freehan and PH extraordinaire Gates Brown.
Pick 3 – This was a back-to-back pick so since I knew my SPs were set, I could grab some more offense and great relief pitching. RF Robinson, DH Powell, 3B Robinson and SS Aparicio fit nicely. McDaniel, Drabowsky, Fisher and Miller are all excellent relievers that make up for the lack of quality SP on the 3^rd and 4^th starters.
Infield defense is excellent. I have 2 aces (though their HR/9 is not good) and two meh starters. Bullpen is excellent and lineup is strong.
Prediction – 87 wins

Actual wins 92
Exp wins 86
RS 13th
RA 5th

I got a bit lucky and overperformed my expected wins. Juan Marichal was nails (3.09 ERA). Perry (4.33) and McLain (4.38) were good too. So was the bullpen: McMahon (2.90), Drabowsky (3.51) and Miller (2.87). I had a weird lineup as Willie Mays led off all season and lead my team in HRs with 39. Boog Powell disappointed with a .736 OPS. Jim Ray Hart (.865 OPS) took over as DH vs lefties because Powell was so bad. Gates Brown finished with a 1.067 OPS.

LG 6 – 1969 Mets / 1968 Tigers / 1969 Twins
Pick 1 – I don’t love this pick. Yes, the Mets have 2 aces in Seaver and Koosman. Cleon Jones is a stud, but after that, the rest are scrubs. This is a time where I question my SP priority in my first pick. The 70 Reds is a great pick for Footballmm1 if you can back-to-back it with some pitching, like he did. But I didn’t have one of those picks so I think I made a poor choice.
Pick 2 – I still needed more SP and I got McClain (again) and a DH, C and 2B (Horton, Freehan and McAuliffe).
Pick 3 – I still had lots of needs since I didn’t get much out of my 1^st pick. Luckily the Twins were still available. They gave me a lot of usable players and upgrades here (Carew, Reese, Killebrew, Oliva, Cardenas) and a 4^th starter (Perry). None of them are great and this is a quantity over quality pick.
Hitting is average at best. Defense (especially D+/D Killebrew) is suspect. I have 3 aces and an average 4^th starter. My bullpen is not very good.
Prediction – 78 wins

Actual wins 83
Exp wins 84
RS 5th
RA 18th

I had thought this team would finish 5th in runs allowed and 18th in runs scored. Shows what I know about WIS. My starters ranged from a 4.00 ERA to 5.38 which is very average. Bullpen ranged from 3.84 to 6.39. I'm surprised I finished 5th in RS because I had some major holes. Carew was a meh leadoff hitter with a .290/.320/.380 slash line. Agee was a defensive player with a .242/.279/.356 slash line. Killebrew was a king of the three true outcomes with his .206/.366/.420 line with 99 Ks and 135 BB. Only Cleon Jones did really well and he hit .320/.392/.440. So it's still surprising that we ranked 5th.

LG 7 – 1982 Dodgers / 1982 Angels / 1984 Orioles
Pick 1 – A questionable #1 pick but there were no standout #1 picks in this group. I just wanted to go first in an empty division so I chose what I thought would be the best pick. Valenzuela and Reuss are pretty good but not great. Welch is a emergency starter but I’m hoping I can upgrade further in the draft. Pedro Guerrero and Steve Howe are good. But there’s not much else.
Pick 2 – I love this pick. It’s a classic 2^nd pick in that there is tons of offense and no pitching. Most of the hitters are around the 120 OPS+ level. Reggie Jackson, Doug DeCinces, Fred Lynn, Bobby Grich. Bob Boone is not a good hitter, but he at least has an A arm which is important in this era. Mike Witt is a decent back of rotation pitcher.
Pick 3 – is back to back so I was able to pair the Angels with the Orioles to get Ripken and Murray in their primes. Storm Davis and Mike Boddicker are mediocre SPs, but will bump Welch out of the rotation.
This may be a .500 team. But it will compete well in the division, which is all I’m looking for. My lineup is good, and the bullpen is average and my pitching staff is average despite trying to go for pitching with my first pick.
Prediction – 82 wins

Actual wins 81 wins
Exp wins 83 wins
RS 15th
RA 8th

I was correct about the .500 record. I was incorrect about that being the best team in the division as Darth's squad ended up with 88 wins even though his expected wins was 79. Glowguy actually had a better exp win than me, but finished 3rd. So it was a weird division. I had a couple of underperformers on offense, so that's why it was slightly below average. I think my pitching on the other hand overperformed. Jerry Reuss ended up with a 3.36 ERA and won 20 games.

LG 8 – 1990 A’s / 1988 Red Sox / 1990 Reds
Pick 1 – not loving this pick either. It’s a weak first pick in a division. Sure I get Eck, Rickey, McGwire, Canseco and Stewart. There is only one usable SP, which is a problem. The 88 Reds and 88 Dodgers may have better choices and they were made #2 and #3.
Pick 2 – Again, not a great pick but it’s back to back with my 3^rd pick. It has am amazing Boggs and Clemens. Greenwell is good. Burks and Gedman are on my squad because I didn’t have better choices. Mike Boddicker and his 89 innings is my 5^th starter.
Pick 3 – This team works well with the 90 A’s as I saw schwarze has the same combo. I do like Larkin and Doran up the middle with Mariano Duncan platooning in there. Eric Davis is my 4^th outfielder and Hal Morris will bat against righties instead of McGwire. Jose Rijo is a legit ace and I will unfortunately use Jack Armstrong as my 4^th starter. I almost went with the 90 Mets instead for the three good SP instead. But a 5^th starter is not that important IMO and they didn’t have the offensive pieces that I wanted as well.
Schwarze is making me feel nervous after his writeup. I don’t think it’s as dreadful as he says, but this is one of my weaker teams. I really worry about the back of my rotation. I think the offense will be OK, but I’m playing in Oakland since I only have about 1480 innings. My bullpen is incredible with Eck and Dibble. But we know they will all blow games anyways.
Prediction – 78 wins

Actual wins 93
Exp wins 96
RS 14th
RA 2nd

Glad to be wrong on this one. This team actually underperformed their expected wins. This team is very similar to schwarze's team in that we both have the 90 A's and 90 Reds. So I was watching his team all season and that team also outperformed his expectation. Like schwarze's team, Jose Canseco sucked *ss with a .190/.302/.381 slash line. Unlike schwarze I didn't really have a good back up as Eric Davis was worse .180/.276/.230. But who didn't suck *ss was Boggs (.327/.440/.414) and Greenwell (.280/.369/.424). McGwire was a low average, high power .236/.316/.501 and Rickey got on base and stole them .262/.382/.466 w/62 SB, Bill Doran was also solid with a .300/.400/.399 slash line. But the bigger surprises were on the pitching side. Roger Clemens (3.38 ERA, 20 wins) was outstanding. And surprisingly Mike Boddicker (4.10 ERA) and Jack Armstrong (5.05 ERA) did much better than I thought they would. In a WIS rarity, the bullpen was awesome: Eckersley (1.54), Honeycutt (2.70), Dibble (2.84), Myers (2.92) and Nelson (2.76).

LG 9 – 2010 Phillies / 2009 Yankees / 2010 Cardinals
Pick 1 – I like this squad. Hallady and Oswalt are legit aces. Hammels is an average pitcher. So that’s gives me three starters. Werth is very good. Polanco are Ruiz are average good. Madson is solid in the pen giving this a solid first round pick.
Pick 2 – I need offense and I’m very happy that the 2009 Yankees dropped to me here. I got my whole infield in Jeter, A-Rod, Teixeira, Cano, and Posada. Add in ace Sabathia and closer Mariano Rivera and this is an excellent second pick.
Pick 3 – I need to fill in holes and this pick does nicely. First, Pujols is excellent offensively and defensively, so I can move Teixeira to DH. Matt Holiday and Colby Rasmus are good in the OF. Plus, I get league average Chris Carpenter and Adam Wainwright to round out my rotation, pushing Hammels off the roster. I also have four relievers with whips in the 1.01-1.08 range. An excellent third pick and one that compliments my other picks.
This is one of my better teams. Only issue is that I don’t have a true centerfielder so let’s see what Jayson Werth and his C- range will do out there. I have Victorino in reserve but I don’t expect him to play much.
Prediction – 92 wins

Actual wins 70
Exp wins 77
RS 14th
RA 17th

Easily big biggest miss and my biggest disappointment. This prediction was so off the mark, I can't even see the target. This is my only team to not advance to the next round. Yes, we did get unlucky and underperform the expected wins. So what went wrong? Sure I could point to ARod and his 704 OPS. Or Jorge Posada and his .621 OPS. But I did have backups in Placido Polanco and Carlos Ruiz who did not underperform and took their spots halfway into the season. None of my starters were good: Halladay (5.90), Wainwright (5.78), Sabathia (5.12), Oswalt (5.17), and Carpenter (6.27). We allowed the 2nd most HR in the league. But I think the main culprit is my awful bullpen McClellan (6.25), Franklin (6.66), Madson (5.67), and Motte (7.31). I checked my pitch settings and most guys were at 10-15 pitches. But they were the classic terrible WIS bullpen. Only Rivera (2.73) was good but only had 24 save ops despite being the closer all season.

LG 10 – 2011 Phillies / 2012 Tigers / 2012 Giants
Pick 1 – I like this pick more than the 2010 Phillies. Halladay, Lee and Hammels are all aces. It’s crazy how good the Phillies pitching staff was that year. Victorino, Utley, Rollins and Pence are all at least average making this a fine first pick.
Pick 2 – I had back to back picks. Verlander gives me another ace. Miguel Cabrera gives me a legit MVP and knocks Placido Polanco to the bench. Prince Fielder and his bad glove but big bat are good at 1B. CF Austin Jackson is likely average but will leadoff and play great D. I get a couple of average but much needed relievers as well.
Pick 3 – since I had back to back, there was no guessing here. Posey is the best C in the league. Cain gives me five aces. Mad Bum will be my Long A and Romo will close. I also get a roided-out Melky Cabrera who was fantastic in 2012 as well as a partial wonder season in Marco Scutaro who will platoon at 2B.
The offense is not as good as my LG9 team, but the starting pitching is better. I didn’t need to have 5 aces, and would rather have 4 and a better offense, but I’ll still take it. I’m thinking one of them is bound to underperform so I can likely run with the best four.
Prediction – 90 wins.

Actual wins 94
Exp wins 87
RS 4th
RA 20th

This is weird. I kept on comparing this team to my lg 9 team. The main starters were only one year apart. The home ballpark was the same. But I had some pretty different outcomes and I'm not sure why. So the offense was good. No one underperformed and everyone played at least to expectations if not slightly exceeding them. That's why my offense is ranked 4th. I had some good starters: Hammels (4.39), Halladay (4.15) and Verlander (5.14). And some not so good ones: Lee (6.30) and Cain (6.47). The bullpen was also better than my lg 9 team: Kontos (4.03), Dotel (3.10), Villareal (3.74), Affeldt (4.11), and Romo (3.88). So it's weird to me that my pitching is better here than my lg 9 team, but ranked 20th in the league whereas my lg 9 team is ranked 17th in RA. I'm guessing the eras are slightly different in that lg 9 is more of the roid era and lg 10 is a return to the 1960's. Whatever. This team is much better than my lg 9 team. Though again, I finish 2nd in the division to barracuda's 97 win team.

Posted by redcped on 3/28/2023 8:17:00 PM (view original):
League 6, Pick 13
NL West, Pick 2
1967 White Sox/1966 Pirates/1967 Cardinals

Not to belabor the obvious, but there's a lot of great pitching in this era though it's not as easy to find a team with two great SP. It was sorely tempting to grab a Dodgers team just to have Koufax, and I'm sure I was dissuaded by the lousy offenses on those teams. But then again, I wound up using only one hitter from my first pick anyway and might have been happier if I'd gone that way after all.

The 67 White Sox are not quite as strong a pitching staff as the 64 version that went high twice, but it's tough to argue with 3 strong SP and 3 strong RP with your first team. I knew there was enough offense out there to supplement them, so I had to grab them first. Then with my second pick, I was hoping for the 66 Braves but settled for the 66 Pirates instead. In a flip from the first pick, I only used hitters from this team. I'm pulling 6 starters from these Bucs, and the other two guys will platoon and play a lot, too. That left finding a team to fill the few holes I did have or try to upgrade somewhere. Of course I looked hard at the 68 Cardinals to get Gibson, but the 67 squad offered so much more of what I needed. Dick Hughes fills out the rotation nicely, Curt Flood and Tim McCarver meet big needs up the middle, and Orlando Cepeda adds another huge stick to the mix.

There are a handful of sub-600 PA guys to manage here, and one rather frustrating hole I couldn't fill was with a good 3B. Bob Bailey can hit a bit but needs a platoon mate and can't field all that well. I'm forced to plug in a subpar Don Buford for about 1/3 of the games unless I want to stick Manny Mota's D/D- glove out there instead. Yikes! For some reason, I didn't roster backups in the middle infield where my worst bats are, though likely because I ran out of roster spots trying to plug in for the guys who can't play every day. We've got some amazing pinch running available with Brock and Buford, though, so there's that. We're playing in Forbes, a basically neutral park, because there wasn't a better fit once again. Bottom line: Can we score off the aces of the era? I hope so.

Final Rank: 59
Record: 88-74, 2nd place, 4 back, won WC by 6 games

Our 3.82 team ERA led the league by 15 points over a pair of '64 White Sox squads, so I guess I didn't need a good Gibson to be successful. '67 Horlen finished 2nd in the CYA race with a 23-10, 2.76 season. (BTW, '67 Gibson was awful: 5.75 ERA and .342 OAV and spent the season as a long man.) Don McMahon was a stud (2.05 ERA, 0.93 WHIP) and paired well with Wilhelm (3.23) and Joe Hoerner (3.00) as the main setup guys to Cisco Carlos (33/39 saves, 2.08 ERA).

We got great offense from Cepeda (.319/.372/.492) and Stargell (.290/.351/.544) and not a ton from anyone else. Curt Flood particularly disappointed at .255/.299/.312, barely outhitting SS Gene Alley, but at least he had 20 plus plays. Annoyingly, Lou Brock was hugely productive whenever I gave him spot starts (.333/.360/.648 with 9 HR in 105 AB), but there was nothing about his RL stats to justify playing him more. He also only went 3/6 in SBA. Bill Mazeroski won a GG with just 3 errors and 15 plus plays but hit all of .204/.241/.294. I think he had a couple walkoff homers, though.

Now if we could just avoid a 3-and-out playoff series ...

Posted by redcped on 3/29/2023 1:20:00 AM (view original):
League 7, Pick 12
NL West, Pick 2
1978 Brewers/1980 Phillies/1979 Cardinals

It took tremendous willpower not to take a Dodgers team in this era, since it was my formative time as a young fan and has an outsized influence on my love of baseball. But the 75, 82, and 85 squads were off the table early, and I couldn't see taking any other as a 12th pick. If it worked out to take a secondary team, sure. Toysboys surprised me a bit with his 82 selection and I'll be quite interested to see how he does. I have written this elsewhere, but I spent many years replaying the entire 1982 NL season on Statis-Pro Baseball. My playoff teams were the Dodgers and the Expos, and I have an excessive affection for any team from that season despite the fact it's not at all a great sim season generally in this game. Anyway, I hope he's rostering Fernando, Reuss, and Welch with Pedro delivering some thunder and Steve Sax swiping some bags. But I digress ...

I really couldn't make a decision on my first pick here, also in part due to recent seasons in the Cooperstown Historical Replay league that's in the late 70s and provided me some chances to see what really worked there. The 79 Royals were great for me and a team I actually considered taking here. Amazed they never went to anyone, really, though admittedly it's not a super pitching staff. But I also had great success with the 78 Brewers, with their deep collection of solid hitters, a very nice Mike Caldwell to be my ace, and a solid No. 2 behind him in Lary Sorensen. I could have used quite a number of different hitters from the Brew Crew based on needs filled elsewhere, too, so they made an appealing top pick to me. I'll wind up with 4/5 of them in my lineup every day.

For the second pick, I liked these Phillies because they gave me a strong Carlton to fill out the rotation, a pair of RP I needed in McGraw and Bystrom, a good glove at 2B in Trillo, and then as a bonus a 48-HR season from Schmidt. I didn't really need a 3B as the Brewers had two fine ones in Bando and Money, but you can't complain about dropping Schmidt into the lineup. Bake McBride and Lonnie Smith will be useful platoon OF, too. The real key to my final pick was securing a good catcher as neither of my first two teams had much there. Enter Mr. Ted Simmons to solve that problem, and meet his friend Mr. Keith Hernandez with a .344 AVG, not to mention Garry Templeton unseating Robin Yount as my SS. There's a fine swingman season from John Fulgham, too.

I like this team. Can you tell? The offense is versatile with some L/R choices, a few guys can bring some wheels to the table, and the defense is pretty strong, too. Then again, I kind of like the other teams in my division, too, and I think we're looking at a tough fight. I'm not thrilled with my stadium as I've got a few sluggers playing in a -2 HR park (Busch), so I'm reminded yet again it wasn't a brilliant idea not to think about it when choosing teams. I'd like to give an optimistic outlook here, so I'll say we should at least advance this squad to R4.

Final Rank: 52
Record: 89-73, won division by 8 games

For much of the season, this did indeed turn out to be my best team. We had 47 wins at the break but tailed off late in the second half to kill any hopes of being one of the top 14. We had the 3rd-best ERA in the league but just a league-average offense.

The hitting stars were the trio of Schmidt (.268/.346/.569, 3rd in league with 47 HR), Simmons (.301/.375/.526) and Hisle (.290/.367/.536), along with .300+ seasons from Hernandez and Templeton. That was enough to overcome a few disappointments.

My SP trio all won 20 games with Lary Sorensen surprisingly posting a better ERA (.391) than Caldwell (4.26) or Carlton (4.69). McGraw was a quality setup guy with a 3.06 ERA and only 4 HR allowed in 88 innings. Marty Bystrom handled the closing duties very well (37/42 saves, 2.95, 0 HR).

All in all, I hoped for a few more wins but can't complain about this team.

Round 3 World Series Results
.
League 1
Pick #4 (schwarze): 1906 Cubs (06 STL - 0 8PIT), 84-78
wins 4-0 over
Pick #5 (nocomm999): '08 Naps/'09 A's/'10 Tigers, 92-70
.
League 2
Pick #4 (ejstockman): 1920 Reds Indians White Sox, 95-67
wins 4-1 over
Pick #15 (kstober): 16 White Sox, 15 Tigers, 16 Reds, 95-67
.
League 3
Pick #14 (glowguy): 1928 Yankees 1928 Athletics 1930 Cubs, 97-65
wins 4-0 over
Pick #5 (schwarze: 1934 Yankees (32 CIN - 34 STL), 93-69
.
League 4
Pick #19 (glowguy): 46 Red Sox 47 Yankees 47Braves, 89-73
wins 4-2 over
Pick #6 (schwarze): 1944 Cardinals (44 BOS - 44 CLE), 86-76
.
League 5
Pick #19 (emans10): 1958 MLW / 1960 CWS / 1959 SFG, 80-83
wins 4-3 over
Pick #2 (barracuda3): 1954 Indians 1952 Cardinals 1954 Dodgers, 93-69
.
League 6
Pick #21 (84champs): 68Cle 70Bos 70Balt, 92-70
wins 4-2 over
Pick #2 (barracuda3): 1964 White Sox 1964 Braves 1964 Giants, 90-72
.
League 7
Pick #1 (schwarze): 1981 Astros (81 CAL - 80 KCR), 91-71
wins 4-2 over
Pick #2 (glowguy): 1975 Reds/1975 Mets/1976 Phillies, 93-69
.
League 8
Pick #3 (barracuda3): 1997 Braves 1997 Rockies 1998 Padres, 88-74
wins 4-3 over
Pick #1 (spinaldog): 86 HOU/87 STL/88 MIL under the Dome, 85-77
.
League 9
Pick #2 (njbigwig): Bigwig's LG09 - BOS/ATL/LAD, 92-70
wins 4-1 over
Pick #9 (parking31): Red(birds), Wright & Blue M's [08-10], 90-72
.
League 10
Pick #15 (barracuda3): 2011 Tigers 2010 Rangers 2010 Reds, 97-65
wins 4-3 over
Pick #5 (pedrocerrano): 2021 Dodgers/2020 Braves/2020 White Sox, 97-65

League 4
Pick #10 (barracuda3): 1946 Red Sox 1945 Cubs 1945 Senators, 106-56
wins 4-2 over
Pick #6 (schwarze): 1944 Cardinals (44 BOS - 44 CLE), 86-76

I wish I had won League 4, but that was glowguy's 46 Red Sox 47 Yankees 47Braves.

Oops, fixed.

Round 2: made 4 WS
Round 3: made 0 WS

Funny how this works sometimes.

The number of world series I've played in is inversely proportional to my regular season success. I've made and won more World Series this round, than in the previous two rounds, when I had more teams and better quality teams.